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The Rock N Play Recall

Over the course of several days in the middle of 2019, the once-beloved Fisher Price Rock ‘n Play was exposed, denounced, and recalled.

The Rock ‘n Play was everywhere; then it was on its way out; now, it’s nowhere.

Here’s How it Went Down

In early April 2019, Consumer Reports – an independent organization – released an analysis that linked the Rock ‘n Play to 32 infant deaths over the product’s 7-year lifespan, from 2011 through 2018.

Almost immediately, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) released a statement urging parents to stop using the Rock ‘n Play and called for Fisher Price to recall the product. In a joint statement with the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), Fisher Price issued a warning: parents should stop using the Rock ‘n Play after babies turned 3 months.

Shortly thereafter, AAP president Dr. Kyle Yasuda cautioned that the Rock ‘n Play was “deadly and should be recalled immediately,” and Consumer Reports further noted that many of the related deaths had occurred within the “fourth trimester,” before babies even turned 3 months old. Facing additional pressure from medical experts, the public media and Consumer Reports, Fisher Price ultimately issued a total recall.

For those of us who watched this unfold, it was… unnerving. The FP recall (and others that have since followed behind it) have fazed us — and for good reason.

I spent years researching the history of sudden unexplained infant death for my book, Rest Uneasy: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in Twentieth-­Century America, and this episode strikes me as a curious and troubling extension of the history of unexpected infant deaths.

Troubling: from the start, this kind of product directly conflicted with the AAP’s most basic guidelines for safe sleep: put babies to sleep alone, on their backs, on a flat, firm surface — the latter of these are the only pieces of advice in the history of modern pediatrics that have actually instigated a demonstrable reduction in infant sleeping fatalities.

Despite this knowledge, Fisher Price marketed the Rock ‘n Play as a safe place for babies to nap and sleep all night. Rock ‘n Play boxes depicted images of mothers clearly waking from sleep next to their babies, and advertised “naptime and nighttime settings” or “baby can sleep at a comfortable incline all night long!” Beyond this kind of slippery advertising, Fisher Price also asked for an expansion of regulatory stipulations on “inclined sleepers,” from a 5 to 10 percent incline. The CPSC agreed.

Troubling: The CPSC seemingly sanctioned the Rock ‘n Play and other inclined sleepers when they were introduced, over the years, and even after the Consumer Reports exposé came out in April 2019.

Troubling: In 2015, when we (Lucie’s List editorial staff) set out to research the Rock ‘n Play — specifically with this concern in mind — we could find no data on infant deaths through the CPSC website or any other channels. Why was this information under lock and key? If lay people don’t have access to incident reports, how can we/they be expected to make informed decisions for babies’ safety?

Troubling: Many sleepers similar to the Rock ‘n Play are slowly being recalled, but are there others that should also be included in this sweep? What about reclined loungers, swings, and bouncers?

Troubling: I use(d) them. In fact, most of us have.

Here’s the big question: who has the ultimate authority to decide what’s “safe” for our babies? Who is responsible for protecting consumers from unsafe pediatric products? Why didn’t Fisher Price immediately recall the Rock ‘n Play once deaths started occurring? (Or better yet, why did it design an unsafe product in the first place?) Why didn’t the CPSC act right away when it heard of fatal incidents? Why did it take almost a year for other virtually-identical sleepers to be recalled?

Are parents left to their own devices and expected to read between the lines when it comes to product marketing?

Countless pediatricians railed against the Rock ‘n Play for years on the grounds that it conflicted with evidence-based sleep guidelines. One of the reasons the Rock ‘n Play was so revered was simply because babies sleep so well in them. The problem, according to many medical experts and evolutionary anthropologists, is that babies probably aren’t meant to sleep so well — natural selection has favored babies with adaptations that caused them to wake more frequently. In fact, the theory behind what may happen with SIDS is that many of the underlying risk factors (such as a brain abnormality) might actually cause babies to sleep too deeply — and stop breathing altogether.

With that in mind, it’s clear that the inclined sleeper recalls in 2019-2020 are a key component in the broader issue of baby sleep safety.

For starters, sleep experts are wondering how the number of deaths associated with inclined sleepers (73 from 2005-2015) compares to other surfaces. Although we don’t have precise data on this ^^, new research commissioned by the CPSC (led by a professor of orthopedic surgery with a speciality in infant biomechanics) determined that there are multiple things that are fundamentally unsafe about babies sleeping in inclined sleepers like the Rock ‘n Play. At 20 degrees incline or greater, babies’ muscles and bodies go into overdrive to maintain their position, and it wipes them out — leaving them vulnerable. (The report did note that sleeping at an inclined angle of 10 degrees or less, on a safe sleep surface, is “likely safe.”)

Secondly, experts are also concerned about whether desperate parents, devoid of inclined sleepers like the Rock ‘n Play, might resort to other frowned-upon, potentially unsafe sleep choices. Baby sleep consultant Alexis Dubief said on NPR: “We… know that infants die on all sleep surfaces. So what we are really trying to understand… is, what is the relative risk of the Rock ‘n Play compared to the crib, or, what often is the fallback position, [bed-sharing] with an adult?”

Conscientious, purposeful bed-sharing does not necessarily pose a risk, but Dubief’s concern is particularly relevant when considering atypical bed-sharing (when families that don’t normally bed-share do bed-share), which is a clear risk factor for SUID (pillows, blankets and whatnot).

unplanned bed-sharing — the tired brain often makes different decisions

Prominent anthropologist James McKenna, who runs the Mother-Baby Behavioral Sleep Laboratory at the University of Notre Dame, writes clearly about the realities of bed-sharing and how to practice it safely.

One thing I’ve learned from my research is that sleeping arrangements constitute only one factor in the SIDS equation, and as important as these decisions are, they are but one piece of a very convoluted puzzle. Researchers are exploring all kinds of potentially-relevant components, ranging from maternal smoking to carbon dioxide buildup in babies’ inner ears.

The story with inclined infant sleepers is distinct, though, because the deaths associated with these products appear to have been completely preventable — a far cry from a typical SIDS loss, which are, by definition, unpreventable.

Perhaps the manufacturing companies are to to blame — no doubt — but it also seems to us that the CPSC failed.

It had all the data, and it either failed to discern a problem or failed to act accordingly — or both. According to its website, the organization is specifically “charged with protecting the public from unreasonable risks of injury or death associated with the use of… products under the agency’s jurisdiction” — yet it took a third-party analysis (from Consumer Reports) combined with formal (the AAP) and informal (the public media) pressure for the CPSC to “do something” in the first place. (Since then, it did issue a blanket warning against using inclined sleepers.)

Plus, Americans don’t have unlimited access to CPSC data. Parents who submit safety incident reports to the CPSC can make their submissions public (their accounts are chilling), but many families send them privately to the organization.

So if the CPSC wasn’t analyzing this data sufficiently or acting upon it, then who was? Who is?

After all, it’s unrealistic for us, as parents, to scrutinize data for every product we purchase. Not to mention, we don’t have all the data in the first place. Case in point: we called the CPSC to ask about getting the incident reports behind the Rock ‘n Play recall, and it’s a process. To gain access, you need to submit a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request to view records. Even to ascertain whether there have been any deaths associated with a product, you’d need to file an FOIA request. If your request is approved, it could be weeks, or longer, before you receive the information requested.

More importantly, even if we had all this data, can we parents really interpret and assess it… for everything? That’s supposedly what the CPSC is for.

We’ve seen how the Rock ‘n Play recall led to others close on its heels, but we’d like to see the broader controversy about inclined sleepers open the door to more conversations about how families can feel supported in choosing “what’s best” — and safest — for them. There’s still a ton of divide about where and how babies should be sleeping, and hopefully we’ll all be more open to honest, frank conversations that take into account both evidence-based, safe-sleep advice and the realities of modern parenting.

We Asked the Experts

To that end, to help shed some light on sleep safety and gauge the significance of the Rock ‘n Play recall in particular, we talked to four different sleep and pediatric experts. Here’s who they are and what they had to say:

Devon Clement: Certified Postpartum Doula, PCD (DONA), baby sleep coach.

Leigh McMahon: Certified pediatric sleep consultant with 250-hour training at the Family Sleep Institute.

Patti J.: Night Nurse.

Mona Amin: Pediatrician, DO, FAAP.

1. Five million Fisher Price Rock n’ Play loungers have been recalled. To some parents, it’s the end of an era — they swore by this product to soothe their babies or help them sleep. But what do you think about the recall?

Devon Clement: Many babies just do not sleep when they’re flat on their backs on a safe sleeping surface. The Rock ‘n Play was a great way for babies to get some sleep, and recalling it because of the opportunity for misuse seems very shortsighted. But, this is the cycle of a great baby sleep product. The Nap Nanny was a similar unfortunate circumstance.

Leigh McMahon: In our opinion, this recall was totally justified and long overdue. As safe sleep advocates, product recalls such as this are important because it helps us make the case that there are unsafe sleep products on the market. Even though a new mom’s BFF may swear that it was the only thing that worked for her baby, it doesn’t mean it’s ok to use, especially when it comes to sleep.

(…)The Rock ‘n Play doesn’t satisfy any of the [AAP safe sleep] guidelines and, in fact, flouts most of them — it’s inclined, it’s plush, and it’s a soft surface under the baby. While we 100% empathize with new parents whose babies struggle to sleep in their crib or bassinet, we’re happy that there is one less unsafe product in which babies could potentially suffocate or that could increase their risk of a SIDS-related death.

2. What went wrong with the Rock ‘n Play and what could Fisher Price have done differently?

Leigh McMahon: Every parent has heard countless stories of their friends’ babies sleeping well in the Rock ‘n Play and they turned out okay! But it’s important to remember that those babies were lucky, unlike the families of the 30 or more babies who weren’t so lucky. There isn’t a parent out there who would willingly put their child’s life in danger just to get a few extra hours of sleep. But there are a lot of parents out there who are too tired to research the pros and cons of every single baby product on the market. We believe this leaves the onus on the product manufacturers whose primary concern should always be safety.

What went wrong with the Rock ‘n Play was a profit-seeking manufacturer who took advantage of tired parents with questionable marketing practices…They capitalized on vulnerable parents who were desperately seeking sleep by using unclear, deceptive wording and misleading photos to promote their product.

To be clear, we absolutely don’t blame parents who purchased this item or put it on their registries; after all, Fisher Price marketed the Rock ‘n Play as a sleeper and touted the effectiveness of the Rock ‘n Play for helping fussy infants sleep better.

The deaths of the babies who died in a Rock ‘n Play were preventable(…). Fisher Price should have rebranded the Rock ‘n Play as a safe place to put baby on only while awake and should have included noticeable and forceful warnings about not using it as a sleeper. Instead, they marketed it as a “sleeper” and spent a great deal of time and money getting around regulations that tried to block them from selling Rock ‘n Plays (Before Fisher Price’s Rock ‘n Play Recall, Safety Fears and Dubious Marketing, NYT, April 19, 2019).

3. Is there something about this position that’s inherently dangerous and why?

Patti J.: When you see pictures of a fetus in utero, she is curled up tightly, protected by the walls of the uterus, snuggled and secure within its comfy boundaries. Their lungs are not functioning at this point, so being curled up does not interfere with breathing. After birth, a baby is completely dependent on an open airway to breathe properly. When an infant who doesn’t have a lot of neck strength yet is in a semi-reclined position, her head is not supported, and it can fall forward or on the side. The airway can be occluded, and it can take only seconds for suffocation to occur.

When you see a baby in a Rock ‘n Play, she isn’t curled up, but she is in a semi-reclined position. (…)The Rock ‘n Play was designed to provide the snuggled feeling and secure boundaries similar to her/his uterine environment. An infant whose head falls forward or turns on its side will not have the strength in her neck to move or lift her head. In fact, the hammock seat is designed to “hug” the baby and makes it even harder to move. The seat of the Rock ‘n Play can also be too deep for a smaller baby. This can make the baby “slouch,” causing the head to fall forward.

4. Have you ever recommended the Rock ‘n Play as a sleep aid?

Devon Clement: I liked the Rock ‘n Play a lot and recommended it often. Years ago, it was marketed for night sleep, but once concerns started coming out about the safety, I recommended clients only use it while the parents were awake and could supervise the baby to make sure nothing happened. It was especially useful for twins and multiples parents, to put one baby in to soothe while they fed or changed the other baby.

Mona Amin: I have never recommended it for a sleep aid. At visits, I always state that baby should be on her back in a crib for sleep with no bumpers, stuffed animals, or loose blankets. We know many over-tired parents are not doing this, but we have to be very clear about this for the safety of the child.

5. What does this recall mean for other semi-reclined products that are (or are not) marketed as sleep devices, yet babies tend to fall asleep in them?

Leigh McMahon: In our opinion, which is in line with the AAP recommendations, any product that isn’t labeled a crib or bassinet is potentially dangerous. Products that are cleverly marketed as “sleepers,” “nappers,” etc. are using those labels because they could not pass the stringent safety tests required to be considered a safe sleep product.

A quick Amazon search shows many popular products, like the SwaddleMe and Tiny Love 3-in-1, still being sold as nappers or sleepers that tout ways to get a baby to sleep better that are neither bassinets nor cribs nor Pack ‘n Plays. With soft, plush surfaces, inclines and a slew of other unsafe components, none of these products meet the safe sleep guidelines. Buyer beware.

We would love to see all of the unsafe sleep products taken off the market. Until that happens, we urge that obvious and clear warnings about not letting a baby of any age sleep in these types of products be included on websites, packaging, in sponsored social media posts and on any site selling them.

7. What do you recommend parents look for in sleeping gear from now on? (Must-haves and red flags).

Devon Clement: The challenge of safe sleep is that it’s by nature not the best sleep – anything that helps a baby sleep deeply and comfortably is going to be more dangerous. I advise against using anything soft and cushy – I don’t know why the RnP is being recalled but the DockaTot is still available. Safe sleep products allow babies to be flat, with nothing that could potentially be a suffocation hazard near them at all.

Mona Amin: if you have to strap them into an item, it’s probably not intended for unattended sleep (i.e. car seat, Rock ‘n Play).

8. What alternative sleep products do you recommend for restful AND safe baby sleep?

Devon Clement: I like a good swaddle to help keep babies cozy and safe — my favorite is the Miracle Blanket! Only use this until baby is getting close to rolling, though. I also like a bassinet like the Baby Bjorn cradle that you can manually rock if baby is restless. White noise can be a big help too. I usually suggest the Homedics machine or the Lectrofan Micro

Leigh McMahon: The tough reality is that, at the moment, a crib with a firm mattress or bassinet/Pack ‘n Play with the mattress it came with are the safest places for baby to sleep.

To make the transition to one of these spaces a little easier, put babies with their heads touching the top corner or with their feet touching the bottom part of the crib/bassinet/Pack ‘n’Play. Our instinct is to place them in the middle but placing them so that their body is touching something solid can really make them feel more cozy.

9. Products are great, but what are your tried and true tips to help sleep-deprived parents get their little one to sleep better?

Devon Clement: The absolute #1 best thing parents can do for better sleep is help their babies learn to fall asleep on their own, from completely awake, in their own sleeping space. It’s a skill that must be learned, and starting early is a great way to do it. When it’s time for sleep, swaddle baby up and put them down in their crib, and see what happens. They may just fall asleep for you!

Also, knowing how much sleep babies actually need and making sure they get it so they’re not overtired — it’s so much harder for them to sleep if they’re exhausted! I see many parents make the mistake of keeping babies awake during the day in the hope that they’ll sleep better at night but that’s the OPPOSITE of what you should do.

Patti: My #1 tip is that nearly every baby loves to be swaddled snuggly, very snuggly. Your baby may squirm or even fuss at first but will settle. Remember the uterus? My #2 tip is shushing, and it’s louder-than-you-think shushing (see also: the Baby Shusher). I also tend to shush near their ear. My #3 tip is swaying. I may plant my feet and gently sway back and forth, add a little dip in the middle of the sway, or bounce on a ball.

Some babies need more vigorous movement and so I do what needs to be done but start to slow my pace when I notice less movement and a heavier, more relaxed feel to the baby’s body. My #4 tip is when laying baby in the crib or bassinet, I ALWAYS leave my hand on their chest with slight pressure to offer security and the sense of a boundary for several seconds before slowly removing it, like peeling a banana. Sucking is also helpful; babies love to suck!


Thank you to our guests for weighing in on this topic. Stay tuned for more as this situation develops. In the meantime, check out our current recommendations for Newborn Sleeping Arrangements.

— Brit Cowgill, SIDS researcher and Sr. Editor

Selected Bibliography:

https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/Nursery%20Products%20Annual%20Report%202018.pdf?ZYcoV6ufF5f6D8JelBDHO8XfDjgAJdix

https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/Nursery-Products-Annual-Report-2017_0.pdf?iVo_dlqsrtuWAep2RzahKbFcsiCfXZhK

https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/Pages/AAP-Urges-U-S-Consumer-Product-Safety-Commission-to-Recall-Fisher-Price-Rock-n-Play-Sleeper.aspx

https://www.consumerreports.org/recalls/fisher-price-rock-n-play-sleeper-should-be-recalled-consumer-reports-says/

https://www.cpsc.gov/Newsroom/News-Releases/2019/CPSC-ALERT-CPSC-and-Fisher-Price-Warn-Consumers-About-Fisher-Price-Rock-N-Play-Due-to-Reports-of-Death-When-Infants-Roll-Over-in-the-Product

https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-life-and-death-of-a-wildly-popular-baby-sleeper

https://www.npr.org/2019/04/14/713195723/how-the-rock-n-play-baby-sleeper-became-popular-and-why-it-was-recalled

https://fisher-price.mattel.com/shop/en-us/fp/baby-sleepers/auto-rock-n-play-sleeper-dmj24

https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/Nursery-Products-Annual-Report-2017_0.pdf?iVo_dlqsrtuWAep2RzahKbFcsiCfXZhK

https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/Pages/AAP-Urges-U-S-Consumer-Product-Safety-Commission-to-Recall-Fisher-Price-Rock-n-Play-Sleeper.aspx

https://www.consumerreports.org/recalls/fisher-price-rock-n-play-sleeper-should-be-recalled-consumer-reports-says/

https://www.cpsc.gov/Newsroom/News-Releases/2019/CPSC-ALERT-CPSC-and-Fisher-Price-Warn-Consumers-About-Fisher-Price-Rock-N-Play-Due-to-Reports-of-Death-When-Infants-Roll-Over-in-the-Product

https://www.cpsc.gov/content/cpsc-consumer-alert-caregivers-urged-to-use-restraints-with-inclined-sleep-products?mod=article_inline

https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-life-and-death-of-a-wildly-popular-baby-sleeper

https://www.npr.org/2019/04/14/713195723/how-the-rock-n-play-baby-sleeper-became-popular-and-why-it-was-recalled

https://fisher-price.mattel.com/shop/en-us/fp/baby-sleepers/auto-rock-n-play-sleeper-dmj24

Comments

  1. Wow! Glad you’re keeping up with recalls.

    I just started a similar baby product review blog. You’re a good example to follow!

    1. Shauna — Sorry for the delay in our response. Baby swing manufacturers are careful to advise about supervised rest — they aren’t marketed as sleep bassinets.

  2. I purchased a Fisher-Price Ultra-Lite Day & Night Play Yard for my second baby.
    https://fisher-price.mattel.com/shop/en-us/fp/everything-baby-gear/ultra-lite-day-night-play-yard-cbv60

    It has a similar incline and bedding as the Rock n Play. I used it frequently when he had trouble breathing from a cold and recurring ear infections. I’ve not seen anything about it also being recalled, but it would seem like it should be for all the same reasons. Any thoughts?

    1. Hi, Crystal — Sorry for the extended delay in my response. Since the RNP recall there have been a handful of other similar products (inclined sleepers) that have also been recalled for similar reasons. My guess is that this trend will continue.

  3. This was such a well written, informative article. My son is now 2.5 and I shudder thinking about how he slept in the rock-n-play for the first 4+ months of his life and how I heard him flip over in it facedown on the monitor; he could have been a horribly sad statistic. Thank you for taking the time to share the research behind the recall.

  4. Thank you for all of this information, but what about using the RNP for regular day time / supervised use? I’ve always used it for daytime naps and a safe place for baby when I need to put her / him down. Is the RNP only / specifically unsafe for overnight unsupervised sleeping or completely?

    1. Hi, Sarah — I’m so sorry for the delay in getting back to you. This is part of the “problem” with inclined sleepers, I think — it’s hard to answer questions like this because every baby is different and every parent’s gauge for supervision is also different. When my kids were infants, I always let them nap in our swing, which is technically very similar to an inclined sleeper… I don’t know whether I’d still do that or not today. Thanks for your question!

  5. I’m curious to hear your opinion and your interviewees’ opinions about napping in a carrier (like the Ergo, etc). It took a lot of work over many months to teach my first child to sleep a full nap in her crib, and now with my second baby and a toddler at home, it’s impractical to do so much work on naps – not to mention the need to get out of the house some days. So we’re working on the crib but frequently use the carrier. Since the baby is on me, I can monitor him, but he is obviously not on his back on a firm surface as is recommended. Thank you.

    1. Sorry for the delay in response time here!
      Great question – my kids loved snoozing in their carriers, too, and I so agree that sleeping issues become exponentially trickier as you add more kids to the mix. Technically, the AAP recommendation is that “If your baby falls asleep in a car seat, stroller, swing, infant carrier, or sling, you should move him or her to a firm sleep surface on his or her back as soon as possible.” (Most of the carrier brand’s safety instructions either advise against letting babies nap for extended periods in carriers or else delineate specifics explaining how parents can monitor babies sleeping in carriers closely (make sure their faces are visible andtipped up, they have clear, open ventilation, etc.).) So the formal line from the AAP, as well as the March of Dimes, is to avoid letting babies sleep in carriers as much as possible.
      And yet there’s also anthropological evidence suggesting that the close contact carriers provide helps calm babies and aids in parent-baby bonding. Indeed, some physicians, such as Dr.Sears, are huge proponents of babywearing – including for sleep. In some ways, this questions parallels the academic and social debates about bed-sharing, with compelling advocates and evidence on both sides of the fence. Similarly, as with bed-sharing, there are “best practices,” and it sounds as if you are incredibly mindful about your little one’s presence in the carrier.
      Unfortunately, science doesn’t offer us clear cut answers on this, and professional opinions vary. As always, it’s important to make sure you check the safety guidelines for your product and talk to your pediatrician.

  6. I don’t normally reply to this kind of thing but we used a RNP because it was inclined because our baby had reflux. All the recommendations for reflux are to put baby to sleep on an incline so how does that factor into all of this as well??

    1. Sorry for the delayed response, Leah — The flat component of the safe sleep mandate is, unfortunately, sometime unclear. It stems from two lines of evidence. The first is that there simply aren’t very many flat surfaces that are ALSO firm. Second, there is SOME evidence—not without problems—that babies are more vulnerable when they sleep in sitting positions. Thus, it could be unsafe for babies to sleep in car seats, swings, bouncers, etc. (The evidence on this isn’t perfect, but it’s enough to at least suggest that we shouldn’t use these kinds of seats as primary sleeping surfaces.) The major concern with such inclined surfaces is that they raise the potential for upper airway obstruction. **As always, we recommend talking to your physician first to see what’s best for YOUR baby.

  7. One aspect I feel is overlooked in the safe sleep conversation is that some newborns require an inclined sleeping position if they have severe reflux or worse, GERD. My daughter nearly choked to death swaddled and flat on her back in her safe sleep bassinet during a reflux episode our first week at home. Her pediatrician immediately recommended using up to a 30-degree incline for sleep (noting that the incline must come from the mattress itself and that no plushy fabrics should be used) which is common practice for reflux issues. In my search for a solution, I read of many parents of reflux babies turning to products like the Rock-n-Play. While I never used a Rock-n-Play myself and agree that its soft back and plushy sides could be dangerous, it’s clear that there’s a need for inclined products that are designed safely. Parents troubled by reflux issues would benefit from such a product – designed and tested thoroughly for safe sleep – as opposed to creating inclined sleep positions themselves.

    1. Hi there — thanks for joining in, and apologies for the delayed response. We’d love to see more safe options for parents who are concerned about reflux (and/or GERD) as well. In the meantime, the best thing is of course to speak with your pediatrician about how to approach this, since she will know you and your baby.

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